A hydrothermal eruption occurs when superheated water trapped beneath the Earth’s surface rapidly expands due to pressure release, causing an explosive release of steam, hot water, and rock fragments. These eruptions are common in geothermal regions and can significantly alter the landscape. Understanding hydrothermal eruptions is important in volcanic hazard assessment.
Reference: Browne, P. R. L., & Lawless, J. V. (2001). Characteristics of Hydrothermal Eruptions, with Examples from New Zealand and Elsewhere. Earth-Science Reviews, 52(4), 299-331.