Upwelling is the process by which deep, cold, nutrient-rich water rises to the surface, typically along coastal regions where winds drive surface waters away from the coast. Upwelling is significant in oceanography and marine biology for its role in supporting high biological productivity, influencing climate, and driving marine ecosystems.
Reference: Sverdrup, H. U., Johnson, M. W., & Fleming, R. H. (1942). “The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology.” Prentice Hall.